1
2
  -2021
/  

[   (1707-1947 .)]
  : 3 .  :100
:                  
      
-
1.               
2. 1857              
-
3.          
4.           
-
5. 
           6.
       ?
     - www.onlinedoctranslator.com
2
2
           
-
7.   , 1919          
  ?
8.           
3
2
  -2021
/  

[   (1707-1947 .)]
  : 3 .  : 100
:                  
      
-
1.           
:  :     
         ,     
              23 , 1757    
                
               

        ,      18 
 ,          ,     
  ,    ,            
      ,  1756          
       ,          
             
,            
4
2
   
             
       ,   -      
   18    ,       
             
       ( )    
               
               
  
  
              
          ,     
     - ,       
 ,   ,        
   ,         ,     
    ,            
     ,         
                 
  ,               

                 
     ,           
,             
  
  , 23 , 1757 ,           
        ,     
               
               
         
  
                
       
1.    :          
  ,        ,      
              
              
5
2
2.  :    ,         
                
        ,       

3.    :         
               
          ,     
 
4.  :            
        ,     , 
              
    

               
              
                  
  ,        ,    
                
           
2. 1857              
: 1857  :    
1857  ,             , 
                
               
  -            
1.  
1.1   ()  
 ,        ,     :
    :         
              
      
6
2
   :       
         ,    
 ,           (    )
  ,         
1.2.  
 :           
     ,         
 ,              
  ,           
  :         
           
1.3.    
  :           
      ,       
   :         
           
    ,      
2.  
2.1  
  :           
         ,      
              
   :         
             
         ,     

2.2.   
 :       ,      
         ,       
 :           
              
     
7
2
2.3.  
  :          
    ,           
   
:           
      

1857              ,
             
                
 
        ,       
              
                
  
     1857          
               
-   -        
     
-
3.          
:      :   
        ,        
                 

1    
          ,       
             ,   
              ,
8
2
              ,
        
2.  
         -        
      ,    :
.   (1793):
:         ,    
             ,    
  ()           
  
:             
 
:
o    :        
,              

o    :   ,      
           
o    :        ,
           
.   (1820  ):
:              
   ()         
:
o  :     ,     
    ,         
  
o   :    -   
 ,             
      
.   (1822):
:             
           ()     
  
:
o  :       ,  -
           
9
2
o  :         
,         
3   
         :
.  :
 :          , 
         
  :            
               
   
    :       (   )
    ,            
  
.  :
 :          
             
   :        
,          
4.  
              :
.  :
  :    ,      
,         
  :            
     
. :
    :1947       ,    
           ,   
               
 
10
2
5.
               
    ,          
   ,           
  ,   ,          
              , 
                
  
4.           
:  19        -   
           ,  
      ,       :   
,   ,          
1.    
    1828        ,      
              
  ,   ,          
  
              ,   
               ,  
              " "
         ,      
               
2.  
                  
          :
              
               
          
               ,
           ,    
        
11
2
               
             
              
             
      
     ,      
   ,             
               
,                
   
3.  
   ,            
             
              :
            
 ,             
                 1829 
             , 
         
            
              
                

              
               
             
          ,    
  
                
             
              
           
4.    
               
               
      :
12
2
              
,   ,       ,  
   ,            

           
               
  ,         ,    
     

       
     
      
        ,
              
,             
          
            , 
                
   ,           
     ,   ,       
          
5.   
        ,      
         :
                
              
   ,           
         ,    -
               
            - 
  
 
          
 ,             
     -         
     
6. 
   19            
     ,             
,             ,   
  ,              
         
13
2
-
5. 
           6.
       ?
:             
             
             ,    
      ,           
    
          
  ,           
1.    
 :1707       ,     
 ,      1857  ,     
     ,    ,       
          
  :       
 
                 
  ,         
 :           
              
      
2.   
    : ,       
             1928 
                
    
 :          
             
     ,           
 
 :1925 ,         
                
           
14
2
3. 
   
   : ,      
                
             

 : ,          
               ,
             

  :         
           ,   
   
4.     
:            
1920         ,   
     
:     , ,     
            
 :            
            , 
,  ,     
:            
              
           
5.       
 ,   :        
  -   ,   -     
  ,       
 :    ,     
       
         
      
 :         
               , 
              
   :          
               
          
15
2
6. :    
 : ,         
  ,          
                
 
   :        
             , 
 -      
    :        
   ,            
    
       ?
1.   
  (1919):           
               
       
   (1919):  ,    
       ,      
          
 :         , 
              
              
2.    
     :    , ,  
             
           
  :      ()    
           
       
:             
           ,     
    
16
2
3.   
 :           
      , ,       
       
   (1922):          
        ,  22     
                
 
4.   
 :     
      
   -        
   
  :          
             
        
  :           
     ,          
  
   :        , 
    (1930)     (1942)    
                
 

             ,
    -           
 ,               
                 1947
                 
          
17
2
6.           
:    : 1707  1857 
1.     (1707):
o 1707               
       ,     ,
             
 
2.      :
o    ,       ,   
          
        1757      1764 
        ,      
     
3.    :
o 19    ,   ,      
             
               
    ,        
 ,       
4.  :
o              
    ,         
  ,     ,     
 ,               
   
   (1857)
5. 1857  :
o 1857  ,           , 
    ,  ,     
 ()       ,      
         ,    
 ,      ,    
  ,        
6. 1857    :
o         ,     

            
 ,              ,
              
 ,  1858      
18
2

     
  (1885)
7.  
   :
o  
  (INC)   1885       
  ,           , INC
             
    INC         
     ,        
  
8. 
  :
o 19      
   ,   , 
         1905    
      ,       
             
            , 
            

        (1919-1922)
9.        :
o    (1914-1918)  ,         
      , 1919  - 
    ,     1919 
  ,         
,            
10.   (1920-1922):
o            
       ()    
   ,        
            ,  
           1922 
            ,    
       ,     
         
       
11.    (1930-1934):
o 1930             
        1930    ( )
     ,        
      ,       
19
2
          ,  
        ,      
           ,
       
12.    :
o 1920     ,      ( )   
   26 , 1930 ,       
            
             , 
           
        
13.        (1942):
o 1939                
               
          1942   
             
            
       ,     
      
14.     :
o               
              
 
  (INA)           
  INA   ,         
     
     (1947)
15.  :
o               
1945             
   1946   ,    
  -,             
 
16.     :
o 1946 ,            
    ,         
              
          
:  
            
20
2
  15 , 1947     ,    
      
    (1707-1947)
17.      :
o 1707  1947           
          
          -  
            
      ,     
18.   :
o ,              ,
             
    
        , 
          
19.      :
o             
               
           
 
20.    :
o            
,      ,     ,
            ,
       

1707  1947             
    ,          
  
21
2
-
7.   , 1919          
  ?
:   , 1919    

1707  1947             , 
     ,        
               ,
1919               ""   
                
 
  , 1919  
      ,        ,
1919           (1914-1918)  ,   
              ,  
                , 
      
 
  (INC)           
                 
             
  , 1919   ,  -      
 ,               
    
 ( )  ?
,   "- "    ,    " ",   
, 1919              ,   
       :
1.               
    ,         ,
,        
2.              , 
         , ,    
  
22
2
  ,             -   
     
    ?
       -        
         ,         
    :
1.          ,     
            ,  
         
2.              
             
3.              
               
 ,    
4.            , 
             

 ,      ,        ,
      
    ?
               , 
           :
1.             
               ,
              
 
2.            
              
      
3.                 
                
           ,    
              
4.             
    ,          
          ,   
     
23
2
5.  :     , 1919    
              
      -        

             
6.  :    1920       
               
       -       
      
7.              
               
            
8.               
              
      
    
           :
1.              
               ,
1919               

2. 
           
  
          
   
  ,           
             
            
3.             
         1927   
, 1919              
      ,      
            
4.   , 1935        
, 1935             
     ,        
,         ,     

  , 1919      ,    
        ,         
             , 
                
24
2
  
             
               
             ,    
            
8.           
:1946               
                 
                  ,
  ,           
              

1946         200        
                  
          
  (INC) ,   
 -  ,           , 
          
               , 
       
         1946 
"  "              
   
    
              :
1.    :   - 
,      
     ,          
              
     
2.  :         :
o  :  ,        

o   :        
 :     
 : -  -   
25
2
 :          

o  :       ,    
   
3.  :             
               
                  
         
4.  :        ,    
              
              
    
          -  
1.  
 :
o             
o ,             ,  
          
o              

2.    :
o               
      ,       
o ,               
  
o                 
     
3.     :
o             
     ,          
 
    
    ,          
 ,       
1.   :
o                
     
26
2
o             , 
                
    
o            
2.   :
o 16  1946            "
 "         , 
 ,      
o            ,   
       
3.    :
o     ,  1946      
      
o ,             
 ,     
4.    :
o     1946    ,    
  ,          

o             
5.   :
o 1947              
    
o               
     
o 3  1947         
:    
       
o            , 
 14  1947    15  1947   
 
  
          :
1.    :           
         ,     
          
2.    :   ,     
   ,             
      
3.   
:           
    ,        
27
2
               
      
4.    :            
                
    ,    1947     


    
           
            ,    
             ,  
          
  ,             
                
   ,              
 ,              
      
,          
             
   
:             ( )      
         ,              